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Well-known syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi, diseases also common with chronic alcoholism,thiamine
is used to treat a variety of illnesses caused by alcohol and poor diet
is used to treat a variety of illnesses caused by alcohol and poor diet
"Take Thiamine?"
"Take Thiamine?"
Welcome to "Take Thiamine?"chemical compostition and synthesis was finally reported by Robert R. Williams in 1935. He also coined the name for it, thiamin. There are three known thiamine phosphate derivatives: thiamine monophosphate (ThMP), thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and thiamine triphosphate (ThTP).
Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) or thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, and transketolase. The first two of these enzymes function in the metabolism of carbohydrates, while transketolase functions in the pentose phosphate pathway to synthesize NADPH and the pentose sugars deoxyribose and ribose. In general, TPP functions as a cofactor for enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation (decarboxylation and subsequent conjugation to Coenzyme A) of alpha-keto acids. TPP is synthesized by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphokinase, which requires free thiamine, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate.
Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was long considered a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, recently it was shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular in E. coli it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation.
Also known as vitamin B1, thiamine plays an important role in helping the body convert carbohydrates and fat into energy. It is essential for normal growth and development and helps to maintain proper functioning of the heart and the nervous and digestive systems. Thiamine is water-soluble and cannot be stored in the body; however, once absorbed, the vitamin is concentrated in muscle tissue.
Thiamine is found naturally in the following foods, each of which contains at least 0.1mg of the vitamin per 28-100g (1-3.5oz): - Green peas - Spinach - Liver - Beef - Navy beans - Nuts - Pinto beans - Soybeans - whole-grain and enriched cereals - breads, yeast, pork, and legumes.
Systemic thiamine deficiency can lead to myriad problems including neurodegeneration, wasting, and death. A lack of thiamine can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, a diet high in thiaminase-rich foods (raw freshwater fish, raw shellfish, ferns) and/or foods high in anti-thiamine factors ( tea, coffee, betel nuts) [1].
Well-known syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi, diseases also common with chronic alcoholism.
[edit] Diagnostic Testing for B1 Deficiency
A positive diagnosis test for Thiamine deficiency can be ascertained by measuring the activity of transketolase in erythrocyte . Thiamine can also be measured directly in whole blood following the conversion of thiamine to a fluorescent thiochrome derivative.
The only known cases of thiamine overdose occurred with thiamine injections. Thiamine injection may result in anaphylactic reactions.
Genetic diseases of thiamine transport are rare but serious. Thiamine Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness (TRMA) [2] is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene SLC19A2, [3] a high affinity thiamine transporter. TRMA patients do not show signs of systemic thiamine deficiency, suggesting redundancy in the thiamine transport system. This has led to the discovery of a second high affinity thiamine transporter, SLC19A3. [4]
Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 249270
The RDA in most countries is set at about 1.4 mg. However, tests on volunteers at daily doses of about 50 mg have shown an increase in mental acuity.[5]
Derrick Lonsdale lead a successful study on the treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine.[6] This work is controversial linking diet with autism.
- ^ "Thiamin", Jane Higdon, Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute
- ^ Thiamine Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness (TRMA) PMID 249270
- ^ SLC19A2 PMID 603941
- ^ SLC19A3 PMID 606152
- ^ Thiamine's Mood-Mending Qualities, Richard N. Podel, Nutrition Science News, January 1999.
- ^ Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: A pilot studyDerrick Lonsdale, Raymond J. Shamberger 2 & Tapan Audhya
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